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Biological control is first recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally put in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Also in China, ducks were utilized in paddy fields to consume pests, as exemplified in ancient cave art. In 1762an Indian mynah was brought to Mauritius to control locusts, and about the same period, citrus trees in Burma were connected with bamboos to allow ants to pass between them and assist control caterpillars.
Biological pest control is a way of controlling pests such as insects and mites by using different organisms.8 It depends on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but normally also involves an active human management function. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the insect that are bred in the lab and released into the environment.
Ideally, the released organism will breed and survive, and provide long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .
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For example: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium that infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water resources.10
Mechanical pest control is using hands-on techniques in addition to simple equipment and devices, that offers a protective barrier between plants and insects. This is known as tillage and is one of the earliest methods of weed control as well as being used for pest control; wireworms, the creatures of the common click beetle, are very destructive pests of newly ploughed grassland, and repeated cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators that feed on them.11.
Crop rotation can help control insects by depriving them of the host plants. It's an important strategy in the control of corn rootworm, and has decreased early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by up to 95 percent.12
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A trap crop is a crop of a plant which attracts insects, diverting them from nearby crops.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be easily controlled using pesticides or alternative methods.14 But trap-cropping, on its own, has often neglected to price effectively reduce insect densities on big industrial scales, without the use of pesticides, possibly due to the pests' ability to spread back into the main field.14.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control insects. But successful control by pesticides is not easy; the right formulation must be chosen, the timing is often crucial, the method of application is important, adequate protection and retention on the crop are necessary.
This is very important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of pests and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and such co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the plants are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where innovative click for more info farmers are using fertilisers to develop improved crop varieties, these are often more vulnerable to pest damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides may be detrimental in the longer term.15.
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The effectiveness of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. This is because any organism which manages to endure the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain will be developed. In this manner, some of the very serious pests have developed resistance and therefore are no longer killed by pesticides that used to kill their ancestors.
